Psychoanalytic and Trait Approaches Personality Assessment...

Psychoanalytic and Trait Approaches Personality Assessment PSY/250 Psychoanalytic and Trait Approaches Personality Assessment I have always attributed personality as being a culmination of environment first, biology second, and traits, or what my understanding of them was. I was not aware of Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic approach, or the correct definition of the trait theory prior to beginning this class. The psychoanalytic approach to personality defines the origins of personality as being divided in to three parts; the id (unconscious), the superego (preconscious) and the ego (conscious). Each part plays a distinct role in memory, response, desire, decision making, and conscience. With all three parts interacting, conflicting,†¦show more content†¦Here, children have to learn control over bodily functions and depending on whether the experience is positive or negative, like behavioral patterns emerge. Freud believed that a negative experience could result in an adult personality that is obsessive, and stubborn. According to Freud, defense mechanisms exist as a way for the ego to deal with things it cannot filter from the anxiety created within the superego and the id. Displacement is a classic example of a defense mechanism. Have you ever had a bad day at work where nothing you did would satisfy your boss? Wanting to tell your boss off or acting on the frustrations or feelings would be detrimental to your job status. Instead of acting on that frustration it stays pent up, and by the time you get home from work you explode at your child, or spouse for some insignificant little infraction. Your taking your aggression out on a person who did not pose a threat to you is displacement. A second defense mechanism is reaction formation. Freud believed that using reaction formation allows us to hide how we feel by acting the exact opposite. A good example would be a person who is extremely outspoken about gay rights. Freud would have no doubt believed that because this person’s beliefs were so extreme that this person must be fighting an internal demon; maybe this person was fighting their own secret feelings of attraction forShow MoreRelatedPsy 250 Complete Course (Psychology of Personality) - a+ Work1520 Words   |  7 Pages(Psychology of Personality) - A+ Work IF You Want To Purchase A+ Work Then Click The Link Below , Instant Download http://hwnerd.com/PSY-250-Psychology-of-Personality-Complete-Course-1138.htm?categoryId=-1 If You Face Any Problem E- Mail Us At Contact.Hwnerd@Gmail.Com Week 1 Individual Assignment Personality Reflection Write a 700- to 1,050-word reflective paper that addresses the following questions: o How would you define personality? o What are some key personality features thatRead MoreWarren Edward Buffett : World s Most Successful Investor Essay1516 Words   |  7 Pagesthe age of 19. In 1951, Buffett enrolled at Columbia University to pursue A Masters of Science in Economics. Buffett has also been recognized as one of the great thinkers in the world. His contributions to philanthropy can be attributed to his personality, not so common in many people of his caliber. In this respect, Buffett has severally written of his belief that his children will never inherit a substantial amount of his wealth and he would give them just sufficient to feel doing anything, butRead MoreHow Relevant Is Freud Today1559 Words   |  7 Pageswas arguably one of the most influential psychologists in the investigation of personality, and his work can still, to some extent, be considered relevant today. His methods allowed for the first time the investigation of phenomena that were previously difficult to tackle, such as dreams and sexual desires. â€Å"Yes and No† is a justified reply to the question of whether Freud is relevant today in that his ideas on personality were the first to investigate the role of childhood trauma, and have been reflectedRead MoreFreud s Theo ry Of Psychosexual Stages Of Development And Costa And Mccrae s Five Factor Model2237 Words   |  9 Pagesmodel were compared to assess the personality of a woman named Judy, experiencing difficulty in her primary relationships and day to day functioning. The main purposes of the study is to explain how each theorist would assess Judy’s behavior and identify the strengths and weaknesses of each approach and further the differences and any similarities found. The key strength of Costa and McCrae’s model was providing a detailed and structured analysis of personality that is scientifically based howeverRead More Comparing the Nomothetic and Idiographic Approaches as They Apply to the Study of Intelligence and Personality1972 Words   |  8 Pagesfrom Nomothetic and Idiographic approach. How they apply to both Personality (pattern of behavior and thinking) and Intelligence (thinking and behavior). Arguments for both sides are base on what psychologists generally use them as, because some might disagrees with the usage of the word nomothetic and idiographic, orientated by Kantian and Wilhelm Windelband. Outline nomothetic, idiographic approach and personality Personality is the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysicalRead MorePersonality Assessment Paper2019 Words   |  9 PagesRunning head: Personality Assessment Instrument Paper Personality Assessment Instrument University of Phoenix April 23, 2012 Personality Instrument A very useful model to assess a person personality and behavior pattern is through the use of the big five test. This test allows an administrator to get an accurate and quick assessment of the patients personality. The big five model is a widely used, modern, validated and replicated methodology for evaluatingRead MoreFive Factors Model And The Jungian Model Essay1227 Words   |  5 PagesIntro This paper will discuss two personality tests, the Five Factor Model and the Jungian Model. It will also discuss the results I got from the Five Factor Model and the Jungian Model personality tests. I will then do an analysis of my results and a write a summary of two articles. Questionnaire 1: Five Factor Model The Five Factor Model is a questionnaire based upon five broad personality traits. The Five Factor Model is set up in two sections of sixty phrases describing people’s behavior. ARead MorePsychology : The Positive Psychology Movement1269 Words   |  6 Pagesthe text, positive psychology is one of the most important aspects in determining how to enhance the personality by helping individuals recognize their human potential to learn and achieve. In this assignment one will compare the view points of Maslow, Rogers, and the positive psychology movement concerning individual personality. Recent studies have shown that personality theory and assessment plays an important role in the new era of positive psychology. Positive psychology today, emphasizes thatRead MoreCharles Manson Essay1322 Words   |  6 PagesAn Assessment of Charles Manson: Two Points of View on a Killer’s Personality Crystal L. Boyanski Columbia College Abstract There are many theories about what shapes an individual’s personality and when following these approaches, sense can be made of a certain person’s behavior. Charles Manson is a well-known serial killer whose personality is reflective of two specific personality theorists’ views. Sigmund Freud, whose psychosexualRead MoreMean Girls Movie Review/ Personality Psychology Essay1576 Words   |  7 PagesCollege Personality and how we behave have been of much interest to psychologists for a long time now and because of this there have been many theories and theorists that have been developed. Personality is defined as consistent behavior patterns and intrapersonal processes originating within and individual (Fritzley, 2012, p. 10). There are six main approaches to personality psychology they include: biological approach, humanistic approach, behaviorist approach, trait approach, psychoanalytic approach

Pro Choice Vs. Pro Life A False Dichotomy - 2314 Words

Sophia Bartolome English 2 Carlos Mujal May 13, 2016 Pro-Choice vs. Pro-Life: A False Dichotomy One of the most controversial and emotionally charged topics in the United States still being debated on is abortion. Despite Roe v Wade passing the law for a woman’s right to attain an abortion, there is still much debate surrounding the topic. Questions like, â€Å"When does Life begin?†, â€Å"Is the mother’s life considered as well?†, and most importantly, â€Å"Are you pro-choice or pro-life?† come up consistently before and in the debate. However, it should come to attention that regardless of these two stances, a great number of Americans fall underneath a grey in-between of either holding both pro-choice and pro-life reasoning, or neither. This is†¦show more content†¦Being pro-life refers to the group of people who simply oppose this idea, believing that women who carry their pregnancy to term don’t just save their babies, but their own lives, too. These definitions aren’t al ways what they seem to be, especially from one opposing party to the other opposing party. More often than not, being pro-choice gives off the notion of being pro-abortion when really, it’s more about bodily autonomy and the rights to an individual’s body. Meanwhile, being pro-life gives off the notion that they are against women having rights when that is not the case either. However, it is through these majority definitions that problems already arise and bring up the question, â€Å"Can one be both pro-choice and pro-life? And if not, can you be neither?† Before landmark case Roe V. Wade was passed in 1973, abortions were legal only in New York and California. David A. Grimes, author of Every Third Women in America: How Legal Abortion Transformed Our Nation, wrote that â€Å"tens of thousands of women living in the United States made interstate trips to get safe abortion care in the early 1970s.† These interstate trips â€Å"led to preventable complications and death.† In fact, in 1965, Planned Parenthood reported 17 percent of all deaths due to pregnancy and childbirth were a result of an illegal abortion. Today, adverse effects from an abortion occur less than a quarter of the time. Legal abortions have been shown to

The Corporate Culture Between the Public and the Private Sectors Free Essays

The foundations to organize company’s personnel are different between the public and the private sectors. These may also be different from one country to another or from one company to another according to the organization, the context of evolution and its environment. And from these foundations and values that are shared by all staff, a corporate culture is set. We will write a custom essay sample on The Corporate Culture Between the Public and the Private Sectors or any similar topic only for you Order Now The corporate culture is a key variable to explain the daily life and strategic choices made by a social group. The corporate culture is in a sense, a product of national culture and therefore a set of values and signs shared by the majority of employees. Seen from the outside, all companies in a country are alike: workshops, warehouses, offices, constant movements of people and goods. Yet a detailed examination shows that no company is comparable to another, especially between public sector and private one, On the one hand there are for example statutes, recruitment through entrance exams and the automatic nature of salaries, and while on the other hand, there are for instance labour laws, individual goals expressed through contracts and the freedom to set pay scales, so each has its own personality, has a unique identity and image. This personality is forged around five themes: the status, recruitment, remuneration, the mindset of management and the environment in which the firm operates. One can see for example between a public sector company â€Å"assurance maladie† and a private company â€Å"axa†. Both operate in the same category of activity,  «assurance maladie † staff does not enjoy equal reassuring status than â€Å"axa† staff, the civil servant status is more securing than employee status. Even their recruitment are not the same, in the public sector recruitment is often done by concours what is not the case in the private sector. Another deference between the two sectors is shown in the system of remuneration, the latter is fixed by the state according to a pay scale with † assurance maladie † while in â€Å"axa† is set based on skills and level of responsibility added to motivations by objective system that is not the case in the private sector. The personality of a company also reflects the personality f its leaders, at â€Å"axa†, it is CEO who has a strong influence on the culture that the company wants to pass through goal setting and strategy of development. In assurance maladie even if it is managed by the state, each individual seeks to satisfy his need to belong without being dependent on the culture instilled by the state. In addition the public status of â€Å"assurance maladie † requires that it must be transparent about it s economic, financial or social situation which is not always the case with private businesses as â€Å"axa†. This lack of transparency oblige private company to suggest a human resources strategy that will seek to reconcile the interests of the company and the employees for a social peace, in order to show workers that they have an important place and an opportunity of promotion so they keep their motivation. The corporate culture is like a collection of complexes allowing each individual to identify with their organization. Facing an unstable environment and increasingly complex, firms seek to boost their human potential. The corporate culture seems to be a response to develop this potential. But we can still consider the fate of these concerns. The corporate culture, as strong as it is not eternal. Indeed the downsizing imposed to â€Å"axa† staff caused a sharp questioning of the culture because â€Å"axa† is shown as Paternalist Company that assured lifetime employment and high wages. If there there ‘s deference between â€Å"axa† corporate culture and † assurance maladie † culture is that it is also due to the model on which both businesses based, on one side â€Å"axa† being a private company that seeks to generate benefits inherited the U. S. management , in the other side model so that † assurance maladie † it follows the French model. The logical functional of American corporate culture is based on earnings so its organization is perceived primarily as a system of tasks, functions to perform and goals to achieve while in the business culture in France, the organization is designed primarily as a social system involving a community of people. How to cite The Corporate Culture Between the Public and the Private Sectors, Papers

Corporate Governance and Ethics for Enron †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theCorporate Governance and Ethics for Enron. Answer: Introduction: Enron: The Smartest Guys in the Room is a 2005 American documentary film based on the rise and inglorious fall of the company, named Enron. This company was the seventh largest among the US companies and from that position, it entered bankruptcy within a year. Enron was founded in 1985 by Kenneth Lay. The case of Enron is one of the biggest business scandals of America. The top executives walked away with over $1 billion while the investors, shareholders and employees lost everything such as, salary, profit, pensions etc (Nicks 2014). Corporate Culture of Enron: The company believed in extravagance as well as greed and unethical practices. The top executives of Enron always encouraged in spending big, even when the company was suffering from rickety finances. In its whole timeline, Enron did everything bigger and flashier. From announcing new ventures almost every year to celebrating every occasion in a most lavish way; these trends were very normal to every employee of the company. Not only extravagance, the relaxed attitudes of the management regarding the business controls and cultures also led to problems (McLean and Elkind 2013). The corporate culture of Enron was completely based on corruption and absence of ethics. The lack of an ethical corporate culture can lead to devastation and Enron proved that. Initially Enron managed to build a good reputation among the customers with the image of a prospective innovative company. It had a business of building power plants, operating gas lines, and unique trades. The company dealt with natural gas, electricity, communication, pulp and paper since its foundation. When it went bankrupt in 2001, the lack of ethics and lack of corporate culture of the company surfaced. All the top management kept on making money illegally while the investors and employees were cheated throughout. The company made money with smoke and mirrors. The executives kept on bluffing the market and introduced mark-to-marketing accounting to steal the publics money. Enron also got involved in California power outage case (Markham 2015). Enron had been doing good business except for the greed of money of the top management. The high level greed of the managers led to early death of the company. Instead of practicing ethics and trust themselves and incorporating those values among the employees, the management and leaders of Enron not only demonstrated their lack of ethics and greed, but also pushed the workers to follow the same practices. The managers focused only on making money and reaping all the financial benefits (Honneth 2014). It led to extreme competition for money among the employees and managers themselves. Hence, the corporate culture was rotten in Enron since the beginning. Everyone in the company was running after only money, leaving behind the ethics. Therefore, it can be said that Enron practiced a corporate culture of greed and money (Dempsey 2015). Everyone knew that the company is following unethical and illegal practices to make money, but nobody did anything to rectify. The fake accounting and au diting gave misleading profit reports to the investors and to the market, leading to a misconception about the company. Everyone from top to bottom in Enron followed illegal ways to make money, which eventually led to a massive downfall of the company. The managers got finally arrested and had to face imprisonment. The lack of morality, ethics, and values of the management of Enron led to bankruptcy and an inglorious fall of the seventh largest company of America (Bernstein 2014). Normative Theory of Ethics Normative ethics refers to the particular section of the philosophical study of ethical actions. These mainly consider the morality and the ethics one should practice while taking a decision. This ethics study also evaluates the right or wrongness of any action. However, the theories are mostly conceptual and abstract and the evaluation of any decision is a relative subject. These theories try to explain a moral or ethical event systematically. The business was not set up with unethical intensions, but the quest for personal wealth in a very short span of time led to the destruction of the company via unethical practices (Hursthouse 2013). Normative Ethics Theory in the Corporate Culture of Enron: Enron management introduced some extreme schemes for incentives for attracting and motivating people and focused on short term earnings. Then the company started manipulating the earnings to earn more money by increasing borrowing abilities. Since issuing ore equity would hurt the prices of the shares, they created the schemes for secret funding. This way, Enron developed an unethical and amoral culture and misled the customers, employees, suppliers to invest more in their schemes. The top management was reaping all the benefits and at the same time, creating a great image of the company by promoting its ethics. This all led to a failure of the corporate governance. There was no transparency maintained regarding the earnings and accounts. Enron achieved the growth in the market capitalization by deception and subterfuge (Nichols and Erakovich 2013). According to the normative theories of ethics, there was a huge problem in morality of the leaders. The leaders and the managers introduced a narcissist culture and that explains the tradition of ethical egoism. Pojman defines ethical egoism as the concept that it is morally right to think about ones self-interest. There are four types of ethical egoism: psychological, personal, individual and universal (Erhard, Jensen and Zaffron 2016). Enron falls under the universal ethical egoism. This states that, a person should always do things that would maximize his self-interest, even if that hampers others. The leaders in Enron applied this philosophy of ethical egoism in their actions. They wanted to maximize their own wealth by hampering the welfare of the society. Hence, the pursuit of rational self-interest had growth so much that other ethical considerations of business, like integrity and honesty, became insignificant and ignored. Enrons leaders transformed the organizational culture into a money making one. Their behavior displayed the application of universal ethical egoism. In Enron, integrity was a missing link between the top and bottom level of hierarchy. Hence, the unethical culture developed by the top management, made the subordinate employees to follow the same practice of profit maximization without maintaining an honest system, at the cost of the benefit of the company and the shareholders. Enron did not apply the principle of justice and beneficence in its activities of profit maximization although they claimed to be a company with integrity, ethics, respect and values. Frankena described this organizational culture of Enron by the system of mixed deontological ethics, which says that personal behavior ultimately directs the ethical culture of the organization (Rescher 2014). Kohlbergs Theory of Cognitive Moral Reasoning and Development Kohlbergs theory of cognitive moral reasoning and development is an extension of Piagets theory of moral development (1932). Kohlberg says that people face dilemma between right and wrong, while taking any decision, and he illustrated these concepts by using moral dilemmas. There are three levels of morality and two stages under each of the level, making it total to six stages (Gibbs 2014). Figure 1: Kohlberg's stages of moral development (Source: Mischel 2013) According to the cognitive moral development theory by Kohlberg, Jeffery Skilling is at stage 6 and Sherron Watkins is at stage 4. Position of Jeffery Skilling in the Cognitive Moral Development Model Jeffrey skilling was the former CEO of Enron. He was a consultant, hired by Kenneth Lay, founder of Enron. Skilling introduced the mark-to-market accounting in Enron, which is a method for accounting the expected future profits from a deal by estimating the present value than the historical cost. Skilling and his subordinates played a major role in the energy crisis in California. They kept the prices of energy so high, which led to the crisis. When Skilling was the CEO of Enron, he used to draw an enormous $132 million a year. Skilling followed many unethical practices and resigned suddenly from Enron and after a few months, the company declared bankruptcy. He denied of having any knowledge of any illegal activities when asked about the bankruptcy. However, he was accused of 35 cases of fraudulent activities, insider trading, giving false accounts to auditors, conspiracy and many more crimes leading to the corruption in Enron. Although, he pleaded not guilty to any of the charges, h is crime was proved and he was sentenced to prison for 14 years. The fall of Enron caused 20000 employees to lose their jobs, many committed suicides, many lost their lifetime savings and pensions, investors lost more than $11 billion while Skilling and other top executives fled away with peoples money (McLean and Elkind 2013) Stage 6 falls under the category of Post-conventional morality. It deals with the concept of universal ethical principal orientation. An individual at this stage usually develops his own set of ethical and moral guidelines, which may or may not fit the social and legal rules. The person would develop his own ideas about any particular issue and would be prepared to defend those at any cost, even if that becomes illegal or goes against the society. For that, he would be ready to face any consequences also (Mischel 2013). Here, Skilling had his own set of rules for maximizing his personal gain and to achieve that, he did everything illegal, because his gains were more important to him than principals or ethics. He ultimately got caught and sentenced for his actions, while he defended his stands on money making (Yazdani and Murad 2015). Position of Sherron Watkins in the Cognitive Moral Development Model Sherron Watkins was the Vice President of Corporate Development at Enron. Just before the bankruptcy declaration, Watkins gave alerts to then-CEO, Lay about the irregularities in accounting in the financial reports immediately after Skilling left. She sensed that the company was going to collapse soon due to massive corruption. Although Lay ignored her warnings and gave false hopes to the employees and stakeholders that financial condition of the company is solid. However, she was charged for not letting the government authorities know about the corruption in the company (Nicks 2014). Stage 4 falls under the level of Conventional morality. At this level, the process of internalization of the moral standards of the valued adult role model occurs. Stage 4 deals with maintaining the social order. Here, the person gets aware of the social rules and regulations and hence, their judgments depend on the obeying of rules to uphold the law and avoid guilt (Kurtines, Gewirtz and Lamb 2014). Watkins was aware of the social norms and she wanted to follow the ethics and rules to avoid guilt. Conclusion: In the end, it can be concluded that, the downfall of such a big company started with greed for money. The unethical and immoral organizational culture, created by the management and followed by all the employees ruined everyone associated with the company. According to the normative ethics theory, Enron applied universal ethical egoism in its activities; and as per the stages in Kohlbergs cognitive moral development, Jeffery Skilling can be in stage 6 and Sherron Watkins can be in stage 4. Hence, Enron has proved how unethical practices and greed can ruin everything for a company. References: Bernstein, J.M., 2014.Recovering ethical life: Jurgen Habermas and the future of critical theory. Routledge. Dempsey, J., 2015. Moral responsibility, shared values, and corporate culture.Business Ethics Quarterly,25(03), pp.319-340. Erhard, W., Jensen, M.C. and Zaffron, S., 2016. Integrity: A Positive Model that Incorporates the Normative Phenomena of Morality, Ethics, and Legality--Abridged (English Language Version). Gibbs, J.C., 2013.Moral development and reality: Beyond the theories of Kohlberg, Hoffman, and Haidt. Oxford University Press. Honneth, A., 2014.Disrespect: the normative foundations of critical theory. John Wiley Sons. Hursthouse, R., 2013. Normative virtue ethics.ETHICA,645. Kurtines, W.M., Gewirtz, J. and Lamb, J.L., 2014.Handbook of Moral Behavior and Development: Volume 1: Theory. Psychology Press. Markham, J.W., 2015.A Financial History of the United States: From Enron-Era Scandals to the Subprime Crisis (2004-2006); From the Subprime Crisis to the Great Recession (2006-2009). Routledge. McLean, B. and Elkind, P., 2013.The smartest guys in the room: The amazing rise and scandalous fall of Enron. Penguin. Mischel, T. ed., 2013.Cognitive development and epistemology. Academic Press. Nichols, T.W. and Erakovich, R., 2013. Authentic leadership and implicit theory: a normative form of leadership?.Leadership Organization Development Journal,34(2), pp.182-195. Nicks, T., 2014. Enron: The Smartest Guys in The Room. [online] prezi.com. Available at: https://prezi.com/qr-l85grmc81/enron-the-smartest-guys-in-the-room/ [Accessed 22 May 2017]. Purnell, L.S. and Freeman, R.E., 2012. Stakeholder theory, fact/value dichotomy, and the normative core: How Wall Street stops the ethics conversation.Journal of Business Ethics,109(1), pp.109-116. Rescher, N., 2014.A System of Pragmatic Idealism, Volume II: The Validity of Values, A Normative Theory of Evaluative Rationality(Vol. 2). Princeton University Press. Yazdani, N. and Murad, H.S., 2015. Toward an ethical theory of organizing.Journal of Business Ethics,127(2), pp.399-417.