Psychoanalytic and Trait Approaches Personality Assessment...

Psychoanalytic and Trait Approaches Personality Assessment PSY/250 Psychoanalytic and Trait Approaches Personality Assessment I have always attributed personality as being a culmination of environment first, biology second, and traits, or what my understanding of them was. I was not aware of Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic approach, or the correct definition of the trait theory prior to beginning this class. The psychoanalytic approach to personality defines the origins of personality as being divided in to three parts; the id (unconscious), the superego (preconscious) and the ego (conscious). Each part plays a distinct role in memory, response, desire, decision making, and conscience. With all three parts interacting, conflicting,†¦show more content†¦Here, children have to learn control over bodily functions and depending on whether the experience is positive or negative, like behavioral patterns emerge. Freud believed that a negative experience could result in an adult personality that is obsessive, and stubborn. According to Freud, defense mechanisms exist as a way for the ego to deal with things it cannot filter from the anxiety created within the superego and the id. Displacement is a classic example of a defense mechanism. Have you ever had a bad day at work where nothing you did would satisfy your boss? Wanting to tell your boss off or acting on the frustrations or feelings would be detrimental to your job status. Instead of acting on that frustration it stays pent up, and by the time you get home from work you explode at your child, or spouse for some insignificant little infraction. Your taking your aggression out on a person who did not pose a threat to you is displacement. A second defense mechanism is reaction formation. Freud believed that using reaction formation allows us to hide how we feel by acting the exact opposite. A good example would be a person who is extremely outspoken about gay rights. Freud would have no doubt believed that because this person’s beliefs were so extreme that this person must be fighting an internal demon; maybe this person was fighting their own secret feelings of attraction forShow MoreRelatedPsy 250 Complete Course (Psychology of Personality) - a+ Work1520 Words   |  7 Pages(Psychology of Personality) - A+ Work IF You Want To Purchase A+ Work Then Click The Link Below , Instant Download http://hwnerd.com/PSY-250-Psychology-of-Personality-Complete-Course-1138.htm?categoryId=-1 If You Face Any Problem E- Mail Us At Contact.Hwnerd@Gmail.Com Week 1 Individual Assignment Personality Reflection Write a 700- to 1,050-word reflective paper that addresses the following questions: o How would you define personality? o What are some key personality features thatRead MoreWarren Edward Buffett : World s Most Successful Investor Essay1516 Words   |  7 Pagesthe age of 19. In 1951, Buffett enrolled at Columbia University to pursue A Masters of Science in Economics. Buffett has also been recognized as one of the great thinkers in the world. His contributions to philanthropy can be attributed to his personality, not so common in many people of his caliber. In this respect, Buffett has severally written of his belief that his children will never inherit a substantial amount of his wealth and he would give them just sufficient to feel doing anything, butRead MoreHow Relevant Is Freud Today1559 Words   |  7 Pageswas arguably one of the most influential psychologists in the investigation of personality, and his work can still, to some extent, be considered relevant today. His methods allowed for the first time the investigation of phenomena that were previously difficult to tackle, such as dreams and sexual desires. â€Å"Yes and No† is a justified reply to the question of whether Freud is relevant today in that his ideas on personality were the first to investigate the role of childhood trauma, and have been reflectedRead MoreFreud s Theo ry Of Psychosexual Stages Of Development And Costa And Mccrae s Five Factor Model2237 Words   |  9 Pagesmodel were compared to assess the personality of a woman named Judy, experiencing difficulty in her primary relationships and day to day functioning. The main purposes of the study is to explain how each theorist would assess Judy’s behavior and identify the strengths and weaknesses of each approach and further the differences and any similarities found. The key strength of Costa and McCrae’s model was providing a detailed and structured analysis of personality that is scientifically based howeverRead More Comparing the Nomothetic and Idiographic Approaches as They Apply to the Study of Intelligence and Personality1972 Words   |  8 Pagesfrom Nomothetic and Idiographic approach. How they apply to both Personality (pattern of behavior and thinking) and Intelligence (thinking and behavior). Arguments for both sides are base on what psychologists generally use them as, because some might disagrees with the usage of the word nomothetic and idiographic, orientated by Kantian and Wilhelm Windelband. Outline nomothetic, idiographic approach and personality Personality is the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysicalRead MorePersonality Assessment Paper2019 Words   |  9 PagesRunning head: Personality Assessment Instrument Paper Personality Assessment Instrument University of Phoenix April 23, 2012 Personality Instrument A very useful model to assess a person personality and behavior pattern is through the use of the big five test. This test allows an administrator to get an accurate and quick assessment of the patients personality. The big five model is a widely used, modern, validated and replicated methodology for evaluatingRead MoreFive Factors Model And The Jungian Model Essay1227 Words   |  5 PagesIntro This paper will discuss two personality tests, the Five Factor Model and the Jungian Model. It will also discuss the results I got from the Five Factor Model and the Jungian Model personality tests. I will then do an analysis of my results and a write a summary of two articles. Questionnaire 1: Five Factor Model The Five Factor Model is a questionnaire based upon five broad personality traits. The Five Factor Model is set up in two sections of sixty phrases describing people’s behavior. ARead MorePsychology : The Positive Psychology Movement1269 Words   |  6 Pagesthe text, positive psychology is one of the most important aspects in determining how to enhance the personality by helping individuals recognize their human potential to learn and achieve. In this assignment one will compare the view points of Maslow, Rogers, and the positive psychology movement concerning individual personality. Recent studies have shown that personality theory and assessment plays an important role in the new era of positive psychology. Positive psychology today, emphasizes thatRead MoreCharles Manson Essay1322 Words   |  6 PagesAn Assessment of Charles Manson: Two Points of View on a Killer’s Personality Crystal L. Boyanski Columbia College Abstract There are many theories about what shapes an individual’s personality and when following these approaches, sense can be made of a certain person’s behavior. Charles Manson is a well-known serial killer whose personality is reflective of two specific personality theorists’ views. Sigmund Freud, whose psychosexualRead MoreMean Girls Movie Review/ Personality Psychology Essay1576 Words   |  7 PagesCollege Personality and how we behave have been of much interest to psychologists for a long time now and because of this there have been many theories and theorists that have been developed. Personality is defined as consistent behavior patterns and intrapersonal processes originating within and individual (Fritzley, 2012, p. 10). There are six main approaches to personality psychology they include: biological approach, humanistic approach, behaviorist approach, trait approach, psychoanalytic approach

Pro Choice Vs. Pro Life A False Dichotomy - 2314 Words

Sophia Bartolome English 2 Carlos Mujal May 13, 2016 Pro-Choice vs. Pro-Life: A False Dichotomy One of the most controversial and emotionally charged topics in the United States still being debated on is abortion. Despite Roe v Wade passing the law for a woman’s right to attain an abortion, there is still much debate surrounding the topic. Questions like, â€Å"When does Life begin?†, â€Å"Is the mother’s life considered as well?†, and most importantly, â€Å"Are you pro-choice or pro-life?† come up consistently before and in the debate. However, it should come to attention that regardless of these two stances, a great number of Americans fall underneath a grey in-between of either holding both pro-choice and pro-life reasoning, or neither. This is†¦show more content†¦Being pro-life refers to the group of people who simply oppose this idea, believing that women who carry their pregnancy to term don’t just save their babies, but their own lives, too. These definitions aren’t al ways what they seem to be, especially from one opposing party to the other opposing party. More often than not, being pro-choice gives off the notion of being pro-abortion when really, it’s more about bodily autonomy and the rights to an individual’s body. Meanwhile, being pro-life gives off the notion that they are against women having rights when that is not the case either. However, it is through these majority definitions that problems already arise and bring up the question, â€Å"Can one be both pro-choice and pro-life? And if not, can you be neither?† Before landmark case Roe V. Wade was passed in 1973, abortions were legal only in New York and California. David A. Grimes, author of Every Third Women in America: How Legal Abortion Transformed Our Nation, wrote that â€Å"tens of thousands of women living in the United States made interstate trips to get safe abortion care in the early 1970s.† These interstate trips â€Å"led to preventable complications and death.† In fact, in 1965, Planned Parenthood reported 17 percent of all deaths due to pregnancy and childbirth were a result of an illegal abortion. Today, adverse effects from an abortion occur less than a quarter of the time. Legal abortions have been shown to

The Corporate Culture Between the Public and the Private Sectors Free Essays

The foundations to organize company’s personnel are different between the public and the private sectors. These may also be different from one country to another or from one company to another according to the organization, the context of evolution and its environment. And from these foundations and values that are shared by all staff, a corporate culture is set. We will write a custom essay sample on The Corporate Culture Between the Public and the Private Sectors or any similar topic only for you Order Now The corporate culture is a key variable to explain the daily life and strategic choices made by a social group. The corporate culture is in a sense, a product of national culture and therefore a set of values and signs shared by the majority of employees. Seen from the outside, all companies in a country are alike: workshops, warehouses, offices, constant movements of people and goods. Yet a detailed examination shows that no company is comparable to another, especially between public sector and private one, On the one hand there are for example statutes, recruitment through entrance exams and the automatic nature of salaries, and while on the other hand, there are for instance labour laws, individual goals expressed through contracts and the freedom to set pay scales, so each has its own personality, has a unique identity and image. This personality is forged around five themes: the status, recruitment, remuneration, the mindset of management and the environment in which the firm operates. One can see for example between a public sector company â€Å"assurance maladie† and a private company â€Å"axa†. Both operate in the same category of activity,  «assurance maladie † staff does not enjoy equal reassuring status than â€Å"axa† staff, the civil servant status is more securing than employee status. Even their recruitment are not the same, in the public sector recruitment is often done by concours what is not the case in the private sector. Another deference between the two sectors is shown in the system of remuneration, the latter is fixed by the state according to a pay scale with † assurance maladie † while in â€Å"axa† is set based on skills and level of responsibility added to motivations by objective system that is not the case in the private sector. The personality of a company also reflects the personality f its leaders, at â€Å"axa†, it is CEO who has a strong influence on the culture that the company wants to pass through goal setting and strategy of development. In assurance maladie even if it is managed by the state, each individual seeks to satisfy his need to belong without being dependent on the culture instilled by the state. In addition the public status of â€Å"assurance maladie † requires that it must be transparent about it s economic, financial or social situation which is not always the case with private businesses as â€Å"axa†. This lack of transparency oblige private company to suggest a human resources strategy that will seek to reconcile the interests of the company and the employees for a social peace, in order to show workers that they have an important place and an opportunity of promotion so they keep their motivation. The corporate culture is like a collection of complexes allowing each individual to identify with their organization. Facing an unstable environment and increasingly complex, firms seek to boost their human potential. The corporate culture seems to be a response to develop this potential. But we can still consider the fate of these concerns. The corporate culture, as strong as it is not eternal. Indeed the downsizing imposed to â€Å"axa† staff caused a sharp questioning of the culture because â€Å"axa† is shown as Paternalist Company that assured lifetime employment and high wages. If there there ‘s deference between â€Å"axa† corporate culture and † assurance maladie † culture is that it is also due to the model on which both businesses based, on one side â€Å"axa† being a private company that seeks to generate benefits inherited the U. S. management , in the other side model so that † assurance maladie † it follows the French model. The logical functional of American corporate culture is based on earnings so its organization is perceived primarily as a system of tasks, functions to perform and goals to achieve while in the business culture in France, the organization is designed primarily as a social system involving a community of people. How to cite The Corporate Culture Between the Public and the Private Sectors, Papers

Corporate Governance and Ethics for Enron †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theCorporate Governance and Ethics for Enron. Answer: Introduction: Enron: The Smartest Guys in the Room is a 2005 American documentary film based on the rise and inglorious fall of the company, named Enron. This company was the seventh largest among the US companies and from that position, it entered bankruptcy within a year. Enron was founded in 1985 by Kenneth Lay. The case of Enron is one of the biggest business scandals of America. The top executives walked away with over $1 billion while the investors, shareholders and employees lost everything such as, salary, profit, pensions etc (Nicks 2014). Corporate Culture of Enron: The company believed in extravagance as well as greed and unethical practices. The top executives of Enron always encouraged in spending big, even when the company was suffering from rickety finances. In its whole timeline, Enron did everything bigger and flashier. From announcing new ventures almost every year to celebrating every occasion in a most lavish way; these trends were very normal to every employee of the company. Not only extravagance, the relaxed attitudes of the management regarding the business controls and cultures also led to problems (McLean and Elkind 2013). The corporate culture of Enron was completely based on corruption and absence of ethics. The lack of an ethical corporate culture can lead to devastation and Enron proved that. Initially Enron managed to build a good reputation among the customers with the image of a prospective innovative company. It had a business of building power plants, operating gas lines, and unique trades. The company dealt with natural gas, electricity, communication, pulp and paper since its foundation. When it went bankrupt in 2001, the lack of ethics and lack of corporate culture of the company surfaced. All the top management kept on making money illegally while the investors and employees were cheated throughout. The company made money with smoke and mirrors. The executives kept on bluffing the market and introduced mark-to-marketing accounting to steal the publics money. Enron also got involved in California power outage case (Markham 2015). Enron had been doing good business except for the greed of money of the top management. The high level greed of the managers led to early death of the company. Instead of practicing ethics and trust themselves and incorporating those values among the employees, the management and leaders of Enron not only demonstrated their lack of ethics and greed, but also pushed the workers to follow the same practices. The managers focused only on making money and reaping all the financial benefits (Honneth 2014). It led to extreme competition for money among the employees and managers themselves. Hence, the corporate culture was rotten in Enron since the beginning. Everyone in the company was running after only money, leaving behind the ethics. Therefore, it can be said that Enron practiced a corporate culture of greed and money (Dempsey 2015). Everyone knew that the company is following unethical and illegal practices to make money, but nobody did anything to rectify. The fake accounting and au diting gave misleading profit reports to the investors and to the market, leading to a misconception about the company. Everyone from top to bottom in Enron followed illegal ways to make money, which eventually led to a massive downfall of the company. The managers got finally arrested and had to face imprisonment. The lack of morality, ethics, and values of the management of Enron led to bankruptcy and an inglorious fall of the seventh largest company of America (Bernstein 2014). Normative Theory of Ethics Normative ethics refers to the particular section of the philosophical study of ethical actions. These mainly consider the morality and the ethics one should practice while taking a decision. This ethics study also evaluates the right or wrongness of any action. However, the theories are mostly conceptual and abstract and the evaluation of any decision is a relative subject. These theories try to explain a moral or ethical event systematically. The business was not set up with unethical intensions, but the quest for personal wealth in a very short span of time led to the destruction of the company via unethical practices (Hursthouse 2013). Normative Ethics Theory in the Corporate Culture of Enron: Enron management introduced some extreme schemes for incentives for attracting and motivating people and focused on short term earnings. Then the company started manipulating the earnings to earn more money by increasing borrowing abilities. Since issuing ore equity would hurt the prices of the shares, they created the schemes for secret funding. This way, Enron developed an unethical and amoral culture and misled the customers, employees, suppliers to invest more in their schemes. The top management was reaping all the benefits and at the same time, creating a great image of the company by promoting its ethics. This all led to a failure of the corporate governance. There was no transparency maintained regarding the earnings and accounts. Enron achieved the growth in the market capitalization by deception and subterfuge (Nichols and Erakovich 2013). According to the normative theories of ethics, there was a huge problem in morality of the leaders. The leaders and the managers introduced a narcissist culture and that explains the tradition of ethical egoism. Pojman defines ethical egoism as the concept that it is morally right to think about ones self-interest. There are four types of ethical egoism: psychological, personal, individual and universal (Erhard, Jensen and Zaffron 2016). Enron falls under the universal ethical egoism. This states that, a person should always do things that would maximize his self-interest, even if that hampers others. The leaders in Enron applied this philosophy of ethical egoism in their actions. They wanted to maximize their own wealth by hampering the welfare of the society. Hence, the pursuit of rational self-interest had growth so much that other ethical considerations of business, like integrity and honesty, became insignificant and ignored. Enrons leaders transformed the organizational culture into a money making one. Their behavior displayed the application of universal ethical egoism. In Enron, integrity was a missing link between the top and bottom level of hierarchy. Hence, the unethical culture developed by the top management, made the subordinate employees to follow the same practice of profit maximization without maintaining an honest system, at the cost of the benefit of the company and the shareholders. Enron did not apply the principle of justice and beneficence in its activities of profit maximization although they claimed to be a company with integrity, ethics, respect and values. Frankena described this organizational culture of Enron by the system of mixed deontological ethics, which says that personal behavior ultimately directs the ethical culture of the organization (Rescher 2014). Kohlbergs Theory of Cognitive Moral Reasoning and Development Kohlbergs theory of cognitive moral reasoning and development is an extension of Piagets theory of moral development (1932). Kohlberg says that people face dilemma between right and wrong, while taking any decision, and he illustrated these concepts by using moral dilemmas. There are three levels of morality and two stages under each of the level, making it total to six stages (Gibbs 2014). Figure 1: Kohlberg's stages of moral development (Source: Mischel 2013) According to the cognitive moral development theory by Kohlberg, Jeffery Skilling is at stage 6 and Sherron Watkins is at stage 4. Position of Jeffery Skilling in the Cognitive Moral Development Model Jeffrey skilling was the former CEO of Enron. He was a consultant, hired by Kenneth Lay, founder of Enron. Skilling introduced the mark-to-market accounting in Enron, which is a method for accounting the expected future profits from a deal by estimating the present value than the historical cost. Skilling and his subordinates played a major role in the energy crisis in California. They kept the prices of energy so high, which led to the crisis. When Skilling was the CEO of Enron, he used to draw an enormous $132 million a year. Skilling followed many unethical practices and resigned suddenly from Enron and after a few months, the company declared bankruptcy. He denied of having any knowledge of any illegal activities when asked about the bankruptcy. However, he was accused of 35 cases of fraudulent activities, insider trading, giving false accounts to auditors, conspiracy and many more crimes leading to the corruption in Enron. Although, he pleaded not guilty to any of the charges, h is crime was proved and he was sentenced to prison for 14 years. The fall of Enron caused 20000 employees to lose their jobs, many committed suicides, many lost their lifetime savings and pensions, investors lost more than $11 billion while Skilling and other top executives fled away with peoples money (McLean and Elkind 2013) Stage 6 falls under the category of Post-conventional morality. It deals with the concept of universal ethical principal orientation. An individual at this stage usually develops his own set of ethical and moral guidelines, which may or may not fit the social and legal rules. The person would develop his own ideas about any particular issue and would be prepared to defend those at any cost, even if that becomes illegal or goes against the society. For that, he would be ready to face any consequences also (Mischel 2013). Here, Skilling had his own set of rules for maximizing his personal gain and to achieve that, he did everything illegal, because his gains were more important to him than principals or ethics. He ultimately got caught and sentenced for his actions, while he defended his stands on money making (Yazdani and Murad 2015). Position of Sherron Watkins in the Cognitive Moral Development Model Sherron Watkins was the Vice President of Corporate Development at Enron. Just before the bankruptcy declaration, Watkins gave alerts to then-CEO, Lay about the irregularities in accounting in the financial reports immediately after Skilling left. She sensed that the company was going to collapse soon due to massive corruption. Although Lay ignored her warnings and gave false hopes to the employees and stakeholders that financial condition of the company is solid. However, she was charged for not letting the government authorities know about the corruption in the company (Nicks 2014). Stage 4 falls under the level of Conventional morality. At this level, the process of internalization of the moral standards of the valued adult role model occurs. Stage 4 deals with maintaining the social order. Here, the person gets aware of the social rules and regulations and hence, their judgments depend on the obeying of rules to uphold the law and avoid guilt (Kurtines, Gewirtz and Lamb 2014). Watkins was aware of the social norms and she wanted to follow the ethics and rules to avoid guilt. Conclusion: In the end, it can be concluded that, the downfall of such a big company started with greed for money. The unethical and immoral organizational culture, created by the management and followed by all the employees ruined everyone associated with the company. According to the normative ethics theory, Enron applied universal ethical egoism in its activities; and as per the stages in Kohlbergs cognitive moral development, Jeffery Skilling can be in stage 6 and Sherron Watkins can be in stage 4. Hence, Enron has proved how unethical practices and greed can ruin everything for a company. References: Bernstein, J.M., 2014.Recovering ethical life: Jurgen Habermas and the future of critical theory. Routledge. Dempsey, J., 2015. Moral responsibility, shared values, and corporate culture.Business Ethics Quarterly,25(03), pp.319-340. Erhard, W., Jensen, M.C. and Zaffron, S., 2016. Integrity: A Positive Model that Incorporates the Normative Phenomena of Morality, Ethics, and Legality--Abridged (English Language Version). Gibbs, J.C., 2013.Moral development and reality: Beyond the theories of Kohlberg, Hoffman, and Haidt. Oxford University Press. Honneth, A., 2014.Disrespect: the normative foundations of critical theory. John Wiley Sons. Hursthouse, R., 2013. Normative virtue ethics.ETHICA,645. Kurtines, W.M., Gewirtz, J. and Lamb, J.L., 2014.Handbook of Moral Behavior and Development: Volume 1: Theory. Psychology Press. Markham, J.W., 2015.A Financial History of the United States: From Enron-Era Scandals to the Subprime Crisis (2004-2006); From the Subprime Crisis to the Great Recession (2006-2009). Routledge. McLean, B. and Elkind, P., 2013.The smartest guys in the room: The amazing rise and scandalous fall of Enron. Penguin. Mischel, T. ed., 2013.Cognitive development and epistemology. Academic Press. Nichols, T.W. and Erakovich, R., 2013. Authentic leadership and implicit theory: a normative form of leadership?.Leadership Organization Development Journal,34(2), pp.182-195. Nicks, T., 2014. Enron: The Smartest Guys in The Room. [online] prezi.com. Available at: https://prezi.com/qr-l85grmc81/enron-the-smartest-guys-in-the-room/ [Accessed 22 May 2017]. Purnell, L.S. and Freeman, R.E., 2012. Stakeholder theory, fact/value dichotomy, and the normative core: How Wall Street stops the ethics conversation.Journal of Business Ethics,109(1), pp.109-116. Rescher, N., 2014.A System of Pragmatic Idealism, Volume II: The Validity of Values, A Normative Theory of Evaluative Rationality(Vol. 2). Princeton University Press. Yazdani, N. and Murad, H.S., 2015. Toward an ethical theory of organizing.Journal of Business Ethics,127(2), pp.399-417.

AMAZON SWOT ANALYSIS Essay Example

AMAZON SWOT ANALYSIS Essay Example AMAZON SWOT ANALYSIS Essay AMAZON SWOT ANALYSIS Essay If these suppliers have problems, Amazon cannot supply products and services in an efficient way. Low margin products Amazons business foundation is low cost, which results in high growth in sales and market share, but also leads to a very low profit. Besides, free delivery can cause a negative effect on the profitability. Amazon operating margin stood at 0. 95%, while it was 20. 8% of eBay and 24% of Google ((eyelashes Fraud, 2013). Only online existence Amazon cannot give users the feeling of being touched and tried. Access to Amazons products is also limited to internet users. This means Amazon is ignoring a large umber of shopping customers 2. 3. OPPORTUNITIES E-commerce development customers get used to shopping online will bring more opportunities for the business. Online advertising Amazon has opportunities to take benefits of its reputation and huge customer database for placement of online ads. This can create significant profit like eBay or Google (about 85% of Googles revenues is from online advertising) (Sisyphus Fraud, 2013) Develop private brands With the existing advantages of reputation and systems worldwide, Amazon can save huge expenses in marketing when introducing new products. Launching its own brands will benefit Amazon both profit and image, Kindle is an example. 2. 4. THREATS Intense competition Amazon has many competitors in different industries like Wall-Mart, eBay or Google Moreover the enhanced technologies also increase competition because of convenient Internet facilities entry and easy shopping comparison. This may decrease the companys sales and profit. Government regulations The company depends on various regulations related to both general and internet business such as taxation, privacy, data protection, pricing, content, copyrights.

buy custom The Legacies of the Second World War essay

buy custom The Legacies of the Second World War essay Girls or the Slender Means tells of a life after war. It was around the year 1945 when the Second World War had just stopped. Many people had lost their belongings and they had to adapt to a new way of living. Things had changed drastically and this particular book, narrates a story about a group of girls who were of about thirty years and below. These girls were living in some remains of hostels that were left and were looking horrible after the explosions in the war. In the story, we are told about the physical outlook and all the new activities in city they lived in. The narrator tells of the ugly outlook of the city after bombings and shootings during the war. These girls now lived a life of survival due to all the destructions and many deaths including most probably those of their relatives i.e. parents and husbands. They had no place to call home and no one to call a parent or husband (Gob, 2008). As the writer describes the situation in the city where the girls lived, we can see how the place appeared like the ancient ruins with all rooms having their walls ripped off exposing everything from inside including the wall papers and, some had one side of the wall missing and lavatory chains hanging out from the roofs. There is a pace of stunning claim and sober retraction, which recurs throughout the building and in a bad state apart from being a less comfortable place to be in (Ishiguro, 1990). Apart from the girls, everyone else was also living a life of savaging due to the poverty that had spread all over London after the war. Many people lost jobs and businesses and there ware destructions of many main buildings where businesses contributing to the economy of a country like England would lead to the suffering of a huge number of people. That shows the picture of the city where the girls lived as the writer explained. Because of the destructions during the war, everyone who survived except a few people ended up poor but the majority of them were kind hearted. It, therefore, gives an account on the way people encountered a lot of problems and suffering due to the impacts or war. The girls went through the ordeals because they had to move away from their home to London to look for a means of survival. We are told of their love lives and how they managed to live in the hostels (Ishiguro, 1990). Muriel sparks story on the Girls of the slender means takes us back to the time after the world war two because, it shows the life lived by these particular girl. Compared to life of girls of their age in a stable country, it is evident that this city life is abnormal and uncomfortable. If it were not for the war, these girls would not be living such miserable lives. Generally, the story gives a detailed description of the frustrations of the people of Kensington after the World War II. The girls who were once close friends and lived normal lives in a peaceful community now have to look for a means to survive together. Due to the limited resources, which they shared, they quarreled at times and reconciled. They lived with disguised characters and they pretended that they were courageous but in the real sense, they were scared of what awaited them (Pinter, 1991). The size of their body did not lie very much on their means as in their semi- distinguished notions regarding their lives. Their situation before the war was a much usual and comfortable one where they could mingle, play around in girlish way and then it turned slowly into destruction and death. The past became a time to be missed and cherished, as the future was not promising anymore, as they had expected. The women and other people arund the city were also facing the same problems and what they did was going to determine their future. Some of the girls started experiencing tragedies like Joanna Childes death and many other calamities that befell the inhabitants around that area (Parkes, 2001). When we look at The remains Of the Day by Shizuo Ishiguro, the situation is that of desperation of a servant of a rich British politician who has so much influence in the country. This is the story telling us all about a butler in the Darlington hall whose name is Stevens. Stevens heads a dozen of servants in the hall and is an extremely loyal servant of Mr. Farraday. He is too loyal to an extent that he does not care about himself and his own life and relatives. He even fell in love with a woman and could not follow his heart because of his job. He did his job to perfection. Stevens admired Mr. Darlington all his life as he worked for him. He realized some of his faults later after the dead of his master and did not feel proud of himself, as he had done in the beginning. He realized he gave his whole life and time to Mr. Darlington, a man who later became responsible to the destruction of his country and even the entire world (Hawthome, 1993). The Remains or the Day according to Stevens means what next should happen in the remaining years of his life. He feels he accomplished something after working very well at Darlington hall after which he is satisfied and ready to start an even better life (Hochmuth, 2008). It really does not sound like Stevens working years were good or of any satisfaction in anyway. This is because he lost many opportunities in the name of work and it was also wrong to ignore the need of his father to be with him at the time of need. Stevens lost the love of his life to someone else because he had to work. It does not look like there were any achievements for him at all when he found out about that side of the story (Joshua, 2004). Stevens interpretations are less glorious as we discover all that he lost and could not achieve for the sake of being a good servant. The real material of this book is Stevens attempt to put his life together and start all over in pursuit happiness. The factual journey from Darlington hall the countryside in the West, is a story mechanism from dramatizing the more important journey that he makes at the level of consciousness. The writer points out his view by placing all the important achievements in the past, clarifying it only through recollections and assumptions (Fox, 2010). The text is seen as shaped by the legacies of the Second World War in the sense that, the two stories both have different relationships towards the time after the war. Both stories have occurrences that happened between the years of 1940s and 1950s. This shows they happened at a time just after the Second World War; this is because from the way everything is being narrated, the writer keeps mentioning the World War 2. As seen in the book titled the girls or the slender means, the narrator writes a clear perception of the hard times, which people underwent after the WW II. Therefore, it so obvious that the trends unfolding in both the story relate so much with the aftermath of world war two (Ishiguro, 1989). Focusing on the girls of the slender means, we can see that as we read the story, we come across many outcomes of the Second World War. The prominent effect is the destruction of the houses. From the descriptions of the remains of the building there, especially the hostel that girls lived in, it is said that it had turned to some kind of ruins and this gives a pperception of the need for freedom. The way the majority of the people existing at the time is that of kind hearted but poor. This portrays the severe economic disaster that is faced in relation to the outcome of the war. The two books generally talk about the broad changes that came about after the World War II, explaining about how the aftermath of the second world ward had affected the lives of the girls in Kensington and they did not appreciate anything that was brought about by the war. Contrary to that story, Stevens life also changed after the war, and according to him, it was for the better unlike the girls. Stevens wa s now working for a different person who was freer to an extent of letting him even drive his car. As much as Stevens was proud about his past life, he also believed that his future was more promising (Spark, 1998). The girls in the hostels and the people from their neighborhood on the other hand, had no reason to be happy at all. All they knew at that moment after the war was nothing but suffering and time-to-time tragedies they were facing. Therefore, the two books simulate the huge impacts during the post wartime, which came on different ways, with others experiencing promising lifestyles in future and others facing poverty and other forms of frustrations. This shows that after the World War II, there were effects all over the areas affected by war but they came in different forms whereby some people enjoyed the outcome and others really regretted it. The girls of the slender means shows how the people in Kensington were not even able to face the future as they dreaded it so much. They lived very miserable lives and they always meditated as they tried to imagine what the future held for them. Their greatest fear was the possibility of a worst future and they felt discouraged and became hopele ss. Getting the worst future meant that they might have had to face consequences of poverty, which could be diseases or deaths. Many were stressed up and everyone was just helpless (Edgecombe, 1990). Going back to the Remains Of The day, Stevens seemed more exited to face the life after the war, because he believed that he was now ready to start all over again after being a loyal servant for a good number of years. He knew that he had a chance to live an independent life and maybe he would be lucky and be a boss too, or even marry and have children. Nothing could change his mind about having a good future, as he was sure that a good life awaited him in the future. To him, that aftermath of the war had had a good impact in his life and he felt freer as a man. These two books display the big positive and negative impacts experienced by the end of the World War II, though in two different forms. There are those who at the end of the war brought agony and pain while there are those who experienced freedom and happiness (Ishiguro, 1990). In conclusion, the two writers have brought out an indication of what the past of a persons life does not reflect the future. The girls who are currently living in a dilapidated city once lived in good houses and a comfortable, hospitable environment. They had all the good things to enjoy in life and they did not imagine that their future could be ruined at one point. The memories of their good past lives remain to be a dream that may never come true. They just remember it with nostalgia but nothing could be reversed. It was all lost and for them, living was no longer an opportunity to enjoy but a time to worry for the future. On the other hand, Stevens past live has drastically changed and he has a reason to smile. He gets a better job and his dreams are yet to come true (Ishiguro, 1989). Buy custom The Legacies of the Second World War essay

END OF BUSINESS CYCLE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

END OF BUSINESS CYCLE - Essay Example Most economist believe that the country was in a recession as the country had posted two quarters of negative growth and was not anywhere close to the 2.5% or 3% growth it had achieved in the previous year 2000. The year 2007 ended with a 0.6% GDP as compared to 4.9% in the 3rd quarter. 2008 started with the 0.9% at the end of the 1st quarter. The last two quarters show no negative growth so technically the economy is not in a recession. The above table shows a slight increase in the GDP rate for the 1st quarter of 2008 as compared to the fourth in 2007. The marginal uptrend is the result of Government expenditure; exports and the positive trend in personal consumption expenditure .The last two quarters are a classic example when the economy is underutilizing its labor and capital. The economy is slowly shrinking away from its potential and this can lead to a recession. The Personal consumption expenditure though not negative has clearly failed to grow in the 1st quarter leading to inventory accumulation. This will force businesses to cut back on production in an effort to reduce inventories. Unemployment rises as workers are laid off and incomes reduce. This further brings down consumption spending, investment spending on machinery, and plant. Businesses adopt a pessimistic approach worried about future sales and demand.3 The above figures can be achieved only if more disposal income is available to the common person, which will in turn increase spending, and demand for goods and services. The forecast also rings bells of the steep rise required in the GDP during the forthcoming quarters of the year. 2. Pick two factors cited in the Economist article that you think will have the most impact on future business cycles Explain why they are important and whether you think they will contribute to more severe or less severe business cycles? We can divide the above-mentioned factors into two major categories Management factors

Resident in Singapore Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Resident in Singapore - Assignment Example Therefore, any individual who does not lie in the definition given or a company, in that case, is definitely a non-resident. (statutes.agc.gov.sg, 2007) The main difference between resident and non-resident individuals and companies comes in when the tax is subjected to them. This is as is explained. Individuals who are non-resident are liable to pay tax on the entire income that is sourced from Singapore but for situations where the income in question is exempted from taxation. Exempted income may include interest income that is gained from amounts deposited in a Singapore approved bank as stipulated in Section 13(1)(t). Any income derived from foreign by a non-resident individual in Singapore is not subject to tax as per Section 13(7A)(a). Non-resident individuals were charged tax on all income derived from Singapore at 20% in the year 2008. (Tan, 2009 p348) The taxation basis for resident and non-resident companies alike is the same from a generic point of view. The only differenc e is that some benefits are enjoyable by resident companies only like the benefits that arise from Double Taxation Agreements by Singapore and other nations. The partial exemptions of tax like lower effective rates of tax that are usually capped at the rate of 8.5% upon the first SOK of the profits that are subject to tax per annum of tax assessment. Tax-exempt dividends, as well as Goods and Services Tax, are other tax-exempt incomes that Singaporean Companies enjoy, unlike non-resident companies. (urbanaohio.org, 2009) Types of payment subjects to and exempted from withholding tax Withholding tax is a kind of tax where tax is deducted at source and it only applies to specific income types to both non-resident companies and individuals. The income in question should have been derived from Singapore and it must have been by non-resident persons either for work done or services provided in this nation. In the transaction case where a Singapore individual or company pays services to a non-resident, a portion of that payment has to be withheld and later handed over to IRAS- Inland Revenue Authority of Singapore. This withheld amount is known as withholding tax. This tax type does not, however, apply in any way to resident companies or individuals. Specific payment types are subject to withholding tax for companies that are non-resident. These are; firstly, fee, commission, and interest with regards to any indebtedness or loan. Here where a resident company/individual is liable to pay interest on unpaid trade accounts or on credit terms to a non-resident person who has supplied such or even a loan, here withholding tax is applicable. These kinds of payment attract withholding tax at 15% rate.

Human Trafficking Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Human Trafficking - Research Paper Example According to the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA), human trafficking is defined according to the nature and purpose of trafficking human beings. Hence, TVPA defines sex trafficking as an act where â€Å"a commercial sex act is induced by force, fraud, or coercion, or in which the person induced to perform such an act has not attained 18 years of age† (Department of States.., 2007, p.7). The TVPA defines other kinds of trafficking as â€Å"the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for labor or services, through the use offorce, fraud, or coercion for the purpose of subjection to involuntary servitude, peonage, debt bondage, or slavery†. In simple words, the victims of trafficking are forced to work by keeping them captive (Hart, 2009, p. 4). Forced labor is called trafficking even when a person is forced to work against his will in his own country. According to International Labor Organization (ILO), at a given time, around 12.3 million to 27 million people are the victim of "forced labor, bonded labor, forced child labor, and sexual servitude" in different parts of the world. This shows that the racket of human trafficking is not only strong but is also widespread. The statistics also suggest that traffickers are not restricted to certain areas or countries. In fact, traffickers increase the vulnerability of the victims by trafficking them to the countries at the vast distance, where the victims feel alien due to a large barrier in language and culture.... In simple words, the victims of trafficking are forced to work by keeping them captive (Hart, 2009, p. 4). Forced labor is called trafficking even when a person is forced to work against his will in his own country. According to International Labor Organization (ILO), at a given time, around 12.3 million to 27 million people are victim of â€Å"forced labor, bonded labor, forced child labor, and sexual servitude† in different parts of the world (Department of States.., 2007, p.8). This shows that the racket of human trafficking is not only strong, but is also wide spread. The statistics also suggest that traffickers are not restricted to certain areas or countries. In fact, traffickers increase the vulnerability of the victims by trafficking them to the countries at vast distance, where the victims feel alien due to a large barrier in language and culture (Department of States.., 2007, p.7). This further removes the chances of victims asking for help or support from people aro und them. In this way, traffickers use different methods to weaken the victims and make them feel vulnerable, bonded and slave at the hands of the traffickers and customers. Types Of Human Trafficking There are different types of human trafficking like bonded labor, involuntary servitude, domestic servitude, prostitution etc (Hart, 2009, p. 6). People who are victim of human trafficking are forced to work in various fields and farms to plant and harvest the crop (Hart, 2009, p. 6). Some are made to work in restaurants to do cleanup jobs (Hart, 2009, p. 6). Women and children are forced to work hard as domestic servant, either by torturing them physically and emotionally, or by promising them good pay and schooling (Hart, 2009, p. 6). They are made to

Feminism In Whartons Writings

Feminism In Whartons Writings Technically, feminism is defined as a political discourse aimed at equal rights and legal protection for women. Feminist criticism is a type of literary criticism, and can be defined as the study of literature by women, or the interpretation of any text written with an attention to gender dynamics or a focus on female characters  [2]  . The study may involve reevaluating women writers.  [3]  . Feminism is usually associated with female figures that stand up for womens equality and rights. Anti feminism is the opposition to feminism in some or all of its form and some male chauvinists are reckoned to be anti-feminists. Edith Wharton was claimed to be a feminist  [4]  especially after her novel, House of Mirth was published. This is due to her preference of emphasizing, either directly or figuratively, on the repression of women in her novels recurrently. Although her writings may have not gained popularity as feminism works like Virginia Woolfes, yet it is inevitable that Wharton is inclined towards producing fictions centered at the case of gender inequality. This is mainly because most of her writings somehow depict that women are downgraded in many aspects like family strata, social status, custom lifestyle and power as well as control. However, the later responses to her writings are more to only individuals perception with not much reference to her writings but the critics tend to associate the basis of her novels with her background. Edith Wharton once said this about the critical response to her writing: After all, one knows ones weak points so well that its rather bewildering to have the critics overlook them and invent others. The measure for feminism in literature depends on the literary approach of feminism by a writer. For this research, I will be using the feminist literature criticism to analyze the repression on women in Whartons fictions, and also to reevaluate Wharton as a feminist writer. I will be counterclaiming the consented belief that Wharton is a feminist literature and providing proofs that she might also be an anti-feminist. I have referred to four of Whartons novels; The Age of Innocence, House of Mirth, Summer and Ethan Frome; as the written texts and basis for my justification. My research will be based on three aspects or literary approach of feminism that can determine whether the writers are feminists or neutral; gender equality or opposed to gender stereotype, image of female characters as main characters or hero in the feats of women, culture or art created by women, use of neutral language in describing the characters, with close reference to the four written texts. Aspect 1 : Gender equality and opposed to gender role stereotypes and discrimination against women. In the society where Edith Wharton lived women did not fit into any creative or participant role. They were regarded as a supremely satisfying object of masculine possession. The male automatically became interested in parading the well-decked woman as his proud possession. As Judith H. Montgomery remarks: women began to be regarded. . as decorative playthings as dolls and idols (The American Galatea College English, 32, 8 (May 1971), 89 1). As dolls they were sought to be gilded, decorated and displayed, as idols they were treated as art objects and worshipped. Thus, this partly dictates the reason for Whartons texts inclination towards the issue of repressed women in the society since the women were stereotyped as only possession with no crucial significance in the society. The American society, to which Edith Wharton herself belonged, did not give equality to women in legal, economic and sexual matters. Every aspect of American culture conspired to foster such an unequal treatment. In The Age of Innocence, Countess Ellen Fonseka is seen as a lady who does not fully abide with the supposed role of a woman. This is due to her unusual habits of a lady and unconventionality in that society. Citing from the text, Mrs. Mingott said she had gone out ;which, on a day of such glaring light à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ seemed in itself an indelicate thing for a compromised woman to do. (page 24) Women during that particular era, cannot not go out unaccompanied, during daytime due to perception that women should be at home, taking care of the households, and should not wander around alone so they can raise up suspicions and apprehension over their where and what about. However, the text could also be translated as an advice or a concern by Edith Wharton over the safety of a woman if she is to be outside alone. As a compromised woman, Ellen Fonseka should not wander alone especially because she has separated from her husband, and her safety is now to Mrs Minggots concern. In fact, Wharton has never stated that woman should only be at home and forbidden to go out, or in any words, the freedom for women to walk about is not prohibited nor discriminated. In the House of Mirth, Lily Bart, the protagonist, is an object of beauty than a woman who should be loved. She is the product of a society with no socially acceptable means other than matrimony. Lilys mother considers her beauty as a weapon (chapter House, page 37) and Lawrence Seldon has been quoted asking Lily; Isnt marriage your vocation? (chapter House, page 11) Thus, it can be said that women are bound to the lifestyle provided to them by the society with no obvious choices. For this reason, few literature guides have agreed that Edith Wharton is obliquely suggesting vindication of womens status quo.  [5]   Nonetheless, the evidences in The Age of Innocence and House of Mirth do not provide sufficient justification for the claim. There are evidences that indicate that Wharton actually criticized the societys code of conduct, superficial values and double standard regarding marriage as a whole and not regarding the discrimination by the society against women. Marriage was indeed an obligation compulsory for every woman in the society especially after the adolescence year, hence the generations belief may not suggest that women ought to be stereotypically seen only as wives, but the act of marriage itself was a part of the societys lifestyle. In fact, until today, the act of marriage is still being practiced around the world, with no apparent discrimination against women. Besides that, it is generally accepted that marriage is a commitment pledged based on mutual respect and agreement from both genders; man and woman. For that reason marriage shall not be a vocation for only woman, but al so man. The society setting for the Age of Innocence is the late nineteenth century, and women indeed are marked by disapproval and ironic denunciation and often some are perceived as only the object of supreme beauty, and this can be seen through the characters of May Welland and Ellen Fonseka. However, in Whartons The Age of Innocence, House of Mirth, and Ethan Frome, most of the central female characters are more than a symbol a possession for men, and instead these characters are greatly loved and cared by the respective companion male characters. Thus, the question of feminism raised due to the common negative stereotype of a woman role, has been well compensated by Edith Wharton herself in the novels. I would like to cite an instance from The Age of Innocence, and in this novel, Archer Newland is clearly seen to be deeply in love with Countess Ellen Fonseka, a widow, despite he is then matrimonially attached to May Welland. The longing was within him day and night, an incessant, undefinable craving, like the sudden whim of a sick man for food or drink once tested and long since forgotten. (Chapter 23, page 189) From this excerpt, Wharton indirectly states that Ellen Fonseka is not a sole object of possession, instead Newland Archer does feel something deep for her, it could be infatuation or even love. Later in this novel, it is proven that Newland loves her but he feels he is bounded to be with May and the old decencies  [6]  he and his people had always believed in. But to love Ellen Fonseka was not to become a man like Leffertsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦(she) is not like no other woman, he was like no other man; their situation, therefore, resembled no one elsesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Chapter 30, page 258) The whole text clearly depicts that women are appreciated and loved by men, and the act of wedlock fidelity by husbands is indecent, and for Archer Newlands case, decency triumphs over love, yet love for a woman can persist to a lifetime. Later in this novel, Wharton figuratively described the feeling that Newland cast for Ellen is not infatuation, thus, this indicates that Ellen is not an object of possession, and Wharton defies the stereotype amazingly by proving that rather than being a typical woman accustomed to discrimination, a woman can take reign over a mans heart without losing his respect, and women are not meant to be deprived. In the Age of Innocence, the upper class society perceives the act of divorce as something disgraceful and against the societys customs, especially if the wife is the one who asks for divorce. Countess Ellen Fonseka who opts for divorce after she has learnt his husbands infidelity, receives negative discernment from the public. Citing form the text, Everybody knew that the Countess Olenska was no longer in the good graces of her family. Even her devoted champion, old Mrs Manson Mingott, had been unable to defend her refusal to return to her husband. (Chapter 26 : 220) Based on this excerpt, although Mrs Manson Minggot comes from the family of a high social stratum, yet she herself is unable to do anything over Olenskas decision to annul her marriage. Another instance from the text, After all, a young womans place was under her husbands roof, especially when she had left it in her husbands roof, especially when she had left it in circumstances that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ well à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ if one had cared to look into themà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Chapter 26 : 220) Nonetheless, the societys attitude towards the annulment of marriage as described by Edith Wharton cannot be used as the ground to support the claim that Wharton is a feminist writer. Whartons view through Newland Archers dialogue, Our ideas about marriage and divorce are particularly old-fashioned. Our legislation favours divorce our social customs dont. (Chapter 12 ; page 93) From the dialogue, Edith Wharton had made the point that only the custom forbids the act of divorce while it is actually legally appropriate to be done. Hence, the evidence that females are discriminated by the society since they should not be asking and opting for divorce cannot be justified. Again, Wharton may had intended to criticize on the societys code of conduct, and in fact there is no other evidences in Whartons text (House of Mirth and Ethan Frome) that has clearly stated the prejudice towards women in the act of divorce. Aspect 2 : Dedication of image of the female as a hero or central character in fiction, and in the physiques and feats of female. Female as a hero or central character in fiction Heroic character is defined as character in literature, art or culture who is bounded with positive behaviors and characteristics, and even considered as the protagonist character. A common characteristic of feminist literature is the detailed portrayal of women with great positive values in the novels, as well as women written as the main, protagonist characters in the fictions. In most of Whartons novels, female characters are often seen to be equipped with decent attitudes, great perseverance, and the ability to adapt themselves to the demanding and often poor environment in best possible manners  [7]  . This is achieved with the successful help of womens intelligent decision making and analytical mind. In the Age of Innocence, the character of Ellen Fonseka is depicted as a woman of unconventionality due to her lack of concern for social rules and etiquette. This makes her a target of malicious tongues, but a heroine of dispossessed. In the novel The Age of Innocence, the character of Ellen Fonseka lives in the heart and mind of Newland Archers character throughout the novel. Even 26 years after Ellen Fonsekas departure to Europe, Newland keeps the memories of him with Fonseka. Hence, it can be seen that the central or main character in The Age of Innocence is Countess Ellen Fonseka. The heroine in the House of Mirth, Lily Barth is an intelligent woman and adept at playing societys games. The overall conflict of social expectation and personal desire in the novel House of Mirth basically revolve around the characterization of Lily Barth. It is made clear from the beginning of the book that Lily Barth was raised in the midst of luxury, and expects herself to be married to man of upper social class. Edith Wharton described the appearances and behaviours of Barth in detail, and overall, the novel itself was even described  [8]  as a novel about New York socialite, Lily Barth, attempting to secure a husband and place in rich society. Therefore, the readers and literature professionals agree that Lily Barth is the central character of the House of Mirth. Nonetheless, Whartons preference on female gender as the central characters in her writings cannot justify the claim that Edith Wharton is a literature feminist. This is because the measure of the heroic or central characters is subjective to the readers. In the Age of Innocence, the character of Newland Archer also portrays the heroic or central character in this novel. Although Ellen Fonsekas character remains etched in Newlands thoughts and memories, yet the appearances of Newland Archer are more continuous in the novel and the role of Newlands character is more significant than that of Ellen Fonsekas. Moreover, Newland Archers character appears at each chapter and consistently remained active and spoken about by Wharton. Besides that, Newland is the character who has to bear with the most conflicts, whether the internal or the external ones. In the Age of Innocence, Newland Archers character is emotionally attached to Ellen Fonseka while at the same time he is matrimonially committed to May Welland. Newland Archer casts the feeling of love towards Ellen Fonseka, but he still decides to marry May Welland. Ellen Fonseka responds to Archers confession of love, I cant go back now to that other way of thinking. I cant love you unless I give you up. (Chapter 18, page 145) The incident was made more difficult by the arrival of the telegram from Welland to Ellen Fonseka, in which May Welland tells about her parents approval to move forward her wedding date to Archer. Following this incident, Aspect 4 : Usage of gender-bias or sexist language ` For instance, in The Age of Innocence, Archer entirely approved of family solidarity, and of the qualities he most admired in the Mingotts was their resolute championship of the few black sheep that their blameless stock had producedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (but) he did not think the Mingotts would have tried it on! (chapter 2, page 10) It in the above excerpt refers to Mingotts decision to bring along Countess Olenska to the opera when Archers engagement to May Welland is about to be announced within a few weeks. From this excerpt anyway, Wharton uses the term black sheep to indicate the family members that could bring humiliation to the Mingott. Since the word few is used, it can be supposed that there could be more characters rather than Ellen Fonseka only, who exude unconventionality to the public. Hence, it is unfair to say that widows or women are discriminated in the Mingott family, when the term black sheep is neutral to any black sheep of different gender, and the emphasize on Ellen to bring about humiliation is only because of that particular moment where Archer Newland is getting married to May Welland and it looks improper for a black sheep to be seen with a family of upper class.

Essay --

Elie Wiesel was born in Sighet, Transylvania (later known as Romania) on September 30, 1928. Elie focused on Jewish religious studies before being relocated to Nazi death camps in WWII. Wiesel survived; he eventually began to write about his experiences in his memoir Night. He became an activist, orator and teacher. He spoke out against persecution and injustice. People should look at what Elie Wiesel and many other Jews went through just to be able to live in this world. The people living now should be appreciative of everything that is given and more. No one understands such a dreadful experience as the Holocaust without shifting in the way you were before. In Night, a memoir by Elie Wiesel, the author defines his suffering at the hands of Nazis. Taken with his family in 1944, they were directed to Auschwitz to come before the dishonorable selection. There, Elie parted from his mom and sister leaving him with his father who was too busy to spend any time with his son before the camp. Being under the Nazis' control, Elie and his father moved to several camps. The Nazi command â€Å"deprived Elie...of the desire to live..., which murdered his God and soul and turned my dreams to dust† (32). Preceding to the war, Elie lived an extremely spiritual and blameless life. Elie controlled a very strong curiosity in Jewish beliefs. At such a young age, Elie followed the Jewish faith with a vigor unusual for his age; his father kept him grounded in a world of reason. Even as Elie's freedoms vanished, he still maintained a sense of faith as a crutch. This also shows how Elie still was a child at the time, not aware that the Germans could try to eradicate an entire race. Ellie did not have an inkling of the horrors that lay before him and how they... ...ce out of the camp he "Spent his days in a total idleness. And I had but one desire to eat. [He] no longer thought of his father or mother"(107). The war left him crushed for life without any attachments to reality or sympathy for his family; he had cried his last tears. Following the camp, Elie only existed as a body wanting basic necessities without a soul or passion. The Holocaust changed Elie from a religious child to a mindless body who lost all innocence at age when he "Was fifteen years old"(96). The flames of the furnaces and the noose on the necks of fellow prisoners stole that desire from him and all the prisoners leaving empty bodies to work for the Nazi regime. Such horrors forced any man to abandon his passions if he wished to survive to the next day. The effect the war had on the Jews makes the claims of Holocaust deniers incredibly ignorant and cruel.

Fatalistic World View Essay

I do think there are a large number of people who have a fatalist world view, though they might not even be aware of it. It seems to be the growing trend in the United States that a lot of people think even if there is a God he doesn’t have anything to do with them, or they only think about it in times of trouble like foxhole prayers. There also appears to be a large number of secularists, which is kind of a spin-off of fatalism, and they believe in nothing other than man’s ability to endure and overcome problems. I remember before I became a Christian I would never think about God or pray or go to church only when my life was falling apart would I think about God, and that was usually to blame him. Anytime I would start thinking about God or try to attend church I would get extremely uncomfortable. I realize now that was because the closer I drew to God the more my shortcomings were exposed not just to others but also to myself. That reality kept me running from God for many years until I had nowhere else to turn. I believe that is why there are so many with a fatalistic view of life because until self-sufficiency runs out, and our unaided human will fail us completely many people will not honestly seek God’s salvation or help. It is my prayer that fatalist and secularist alike would like me come to see their need for God’s salvation and help in their everyday life.

Sarah Mapps Douglass and the Anti-Slavery Movement

Sarah Mapps Douglass and the Anti-Slavery Movement Known for:  her work in educating African American youth in Philadelphia, and for her active role in antislavery work, both in her city and nationallyOccupation:  educator, abolitionistDates:  September 9, 1806 - September 8, 1882Also known as:  Sarah Douglass Background and Family Mother: Grace Bustill, milliner, daughter of Cyrus Bustill, a prominent Philadelphia African AmericanFather: Robert Douglass, Sr., hairdresser and businessmanHusband: William Douglass (married 1855, widowed 1861) Biography Born in Philadelphia in 1806, Sarah Mapps Douglass was born into an African American family of some prominence and economic comfort.  Her mother was a Quaker and raised her daughter in that tradition. Sarah’s maternal grandfather had been an early member of the Free African Society, a philanthropic organization. Though some Quakers were advocates of racial equality, and many abolitionists were Quakers, many white Quakers were for separation of the races and expressed their racial prejudices freely.  Sarah herself dressed in Quaker style, and had friends among white Quakers, but she was outspoken in her criticism of the prejudice that she found in the sect. Sarah was educated mostly at home in her younger years. When Sarah was 13 years old, her mother and a wealthy African American businessman of Philadelphia, James Forten, founded a school to educate the African American children of the city.  Ã‚  Sarah was educated in that school. She got a job teaching in New York City, but returned to Philadelphia to lead the school in Philadelphia.  She also helped to found a Female Literary Society, one of many in a movement in many Northern cities to encourage self-improvement, including reading and writing.  These societies, in a commitment to equal rights, were often incubators for organized protest and activism, as well. Antislavery Movement Sarah Mapps Douglass was also becoming active in the growing abolitionist movement. In 1831, she had helped raise money in support of William Lloyd Garrison’s abolitionist newspaper, The Liberator. She and her mother were among those women who, in 1833, founded the Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society.  This organization became a focus of her activism for most of the rest of her life. The organization included both black and white women, working together to educate themselves and others, both through reading and listening to speakers, and to promote action to end slavery, including petition drives and boycotts. In Quaker and anti-slavery circles, she met Lucretia Mott and they became friends. She became quite close to the abolitionist sisters, Sarah Grimkà © and Angelina Grimkà ©. We know from the records of the proceedings that she played a significant role in national antislavery conventions in 1837, 1838 and 1839. Teaching In 1833, Sarah Mapps Douglass founded her own school for African American girls in 1833.  The Society took over her school in 1838, and she remained its headmaster.  In 1840 she took back control of the school herself. She closed it in 1852, instead  of going to work for a project of the Quakers – for whom she had less rancor than earlier - the Institute for Colored Youth. When Douglass’ mother died in 1842, it fell on her to take care of the house for her father and brothers. Marriage In 1855, Sarah Mapps Douglass married William Douglass, who had first proposed marriage the year before.  She became stepmother to his nine children he was raising after the death of his first wife.  William Douglass was the rector at St. Thomas Protestant Episcopal Church.  During their marriage, which seems not to have been particularly happy, she limited her antislavery work and teaching, but returned to that work after his death in 1861. Medicine and Health Beginning in 1853, Douglass had begun studying medicine and health, and took some of the basic courses at the Female Medical College of Pennsylvania as their first African American student. She also studied at the Ladies’ Institute of Pennsylvania Medical University.  She used her training to teach and lecture on hygiene, anatomy and health to African American women, an opportunity which, after her marriage, was considered more proper than it would have been if she had not been married. During and after the Civil War, Douglass continued her teaching at the Institute for Colored Youth, and also promoted the cause of southern freedmen and freedwomen, through lectures and fund-raising. Last Years Sarah Mapps Douglass retired from teaching in 1877, and at the same time discontinued her training in medical topics.  She died in Philadelphia in 1882. She asked that her family, after her death, destroy all her correspondence, and also all of her lectures on medical topics.  But letters which she had sent to others are preserved in the collections of her correspondents, so we are not without such primary documentation of her life and thoughts.

For Family and Friends Essay Example

For Family and Friends Essay Example For Family and Friends Essay For Family and Friends Essay We all know that thanksgiving isn’t only about the food. It is also about the things you are thankful for having in life. I am so thankful for family, friends, and nature. These things are all I need. I am thankful to have what everybody has, needs, or wants. Life wouldn’t be the same without it. My life is perfect right now thanks to my family, friends, and nature. The first thing I am thankful for is having my family. They are always here for me. Where every I am, whatever I do, and whatever things I get myself into. My family is the number one thing in my life. They come before anything else. If I didn’t have them, I don’t know where I would be now. I have two older sisters, one older brother, and one younger brother. I enjoy them around me a lot. They make my day when it is down. They know exactly when something is wrong with me. I also have two older brother-in-laws and one older sister-in-law. My sister-in-law is really nice to me. She gets me everything I need. My second older sister has a daughter. She is so cute. She makes my day also because the thing she does is really funny. : I really love my family more than anything. The second thing I am thankful for is having friends at school. When I am down at school, they don’t know, but still manage to put a smile on my face or make me laugh. I also like hanging out with them to get everything out of my head. When I’m with them, all I think about is how fun it is to be around them. I only have close friends. I don’t have any best friends. The thing I love most about having good friends is that I know they have my back where ever and whenever. I will always go to my friends if I am down. I love my friends. The third thing I am thankful for is nature. Without nature I wouldn’t be born. I appreciate everything in life. I like how everything in this universe is so nice. I like how we can breathe the air we breathe. I really don’t like how people aren’t thankful to have such a place to live on. They throw trash on the floor. They waste water. They do all the stuff that harms nature. I don’t litter. I don’t waste water. I really care about our planet because I think it might be the only one we will have. I think people should learn how to recycle and throw their own trash away and maybe sometimes help pick up trash. I am really thankful to have nature. So there are a lot more things I am thankful for but these are the top three reasons I am thankful for most. These are important to me because they bare almost everything I have and I would hate to lose them. Life wouldn’t be the same without these three topics. Maybe you are thankful for the same reason as I am, but we’ll never know. You should write an essay stating the things you are thankful for.

Is Religion The Controlled Manipulation Of Humanity's Potential To Essay

Is Religion The Controlled Manipulation Of Humanity's Potential To Freely Enter A Relationship With The Transcendent - Essay Example This has in turn resulted into an establishment of transcendental diplomacy in many societies. It is worth pointing out that this type of diplomacy is not founded on ‘power’. As a result, the elements and compounds involved happen to be not a part of ‘power’. Through all the centuries, there exist some slight efforts to fully comprehend this subject matter (Thomas 264). In present time, human beings are yet to decide if they are ready to establish such type of transcendental diplomacy. It will be a long time since we are capable of approaching this end. In all probability, it will take certain individuals to get to this end who happen to have developed evolutionary changes towards such kind of thoughts. With such kind of high expectation, this might happen only if human beings succeed in embracing and taking advantage of science and technology. It is through this that they will be capable of bringing changes to their own body and mind. The result will be a s trengthened transcendental attribute towards them, while been able to grow seeds of improved human beings. Besides, the subject matter has to correspond to the materialization of their expectations in the distant future. There is a belief among all religions that they will be able to achieve transcendental attributes while the messengers appointed while be able to achieve the fore mentioned goals. There has been an order of divine prophets, teachers, and guardians from Adam, Moses, and Jesus to Muhammad. Their presence in the present time is still felt and will continue till the end of time. Additionally, in different times and places, the achievements of their divine manifestations will be enhanced. These divine manifestations will happen to be apostles with divine sense of authority (Thomas 264). Consequently, all these religions will successively lean on the same procession towards transcendence and flawlessness. With many courses of human endeavors to conform within social laws and regulations, the efforts of these prophets and teachers happen to be more noticeable. The messenger (savior) of Christianity happens to be a perfect manifestation of all former religious thoughts and sophisticated inheritance of laws and regulations from previous religions. In the end this happens to be the turning point of this evolution. Disappointed through some wrongful commentaries and interpretations have been made by the so called religious scholars. The valuable commandments have been distorted to the extent that some preachers have been heard insinuating that religions have been decorated and distorted to the extent that if one was to go back a century he won’t be able to recognize his own religion. Christianity point of view to some problems happens to be consistent and integrated, with learned individuals tends to believe that accurate Christianity laws are similar to scientific laws and should stay unchangeable. It should be noted that these same laws were cre ated on the same basis of humankind nature and thus should be compatible with all state and behavior of individuals (Thomas 264). Nonetheless, religious jurists tend to note on the fundamental principles of religions in a detailed manner. In addition, these notes have been the main reason behind the introduction of various decisions in religions and the reason behind their existing differences. Recent jurisprudential methods among various sections of Catholics and Protestants and the mode of reasoning of canon lawyers related to the above sects with regards to reasonability of their sources happen to be quite different. This is the

Substance Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Substance - Term Paper Example Before discussing Descartes’ Proofs for God’s existence, it is necessary to discuss first his theory of ideas and causes. Ideas have three main features. First, where they come from, what kind of reality they have, and what they refer to. Under the first feature, Descartes enumerates three kinds of ideas, namely, innate, factitious and adventitious. Descartes defines innate ideas as those with which we are born with and which are self-evident to reason. An example here is mathematical ideas. Factitious ideas on the other hand are inventions of our imagination. An example here is mermaids, unicorns, and the like. And adventitious ideas are those which are based on sense perceptions. They come to us externally, which nature seem to suggest to us, and come despite our will. Under the second feature, Descartes defines these having an actual or formal reality. Herein, for as long as our mind can conceive of it clearly and distinctly, they exist â€Å"actually† in my m ind. And under the third feature, Descartes claims that they possess â€Å"objective reality† i.e. they refer to objects which exist externally to us. Furthermore, Descartes claims that only innate and adventitious ideas possess objective reality, and that in order for something to exist, they must possess both actual and formal reality, as well as objective reality. Moreover, Descartes defines an idea as an effect of causes. ... Given as such, let us take a look at Descartes’ proofs for the existence of God. First Argument The first argument he proposes is based on this theory of ideas and causes, as well as his doctrine of innate ideas. The argument goes as follows: 1. By definition, ideas are the effects of causes 2. There must be as much reality in the cause to that of its effect 3. Something cannot come from nothing 4. Something more perfect cannot come from something less perfect 5. X has a clear and distinct idea of God as a perfect being 6. Since ideas are effects of causes, then something must have caused X having such an idea 7. Since there must be as much reality in the cause to that of its effect, and since something less perfect cannot come from some thing more perfect, then God exists as the only possible cause for X’s idea of God as a perfect being, because 8. God exists as the only possible cause for X’s idea of God as a perfect being for, something cannot come from nothin g. Furthermore, Descartes backs up his argument using his doctrine of innate ideas, which claims that God imprinted this idea, of a perfect being, in us from the moment we were born. So God must be the cause of X’s idea of God. And X’s idea of God originates from God alone. For, â€Å"having proven that God exists, God would not deceive us in what is self evident to reason He has given us† (Lavine 105). 9. Therefore, God exists Objection to the First Argument Based on Descartes first argument for the existence of God, it seems that it does not suffice to prove that God exists. For, it is possible that another person, other than God, is the cause of X’s having an

Defines Compares and Contrast Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Defines Compares and Contrast - Coursework Example ther hand has been defined to be the putting together of creative ideas either in paperwork or in physical pattern to make the idea a tangible value (Zhao, Calantone and Cavusgil, 2002). Capron (1999) also mentioned that innovation represents the actual implementation of something that is new. From the definitions given, it would be noted that there are some ways in which all of these three important terms are different from each other and other ways in which they closely relate to each other. Comparing the three terms, Poon, Choi and Davis (2008) explained that all of innovation, design and creativity are needed in a typical organization to make the execution of organizational goals possible; especially in cases where organizations want to build a competitive advantage for themselves. By this explanation, the meaning that is drawn is that innovation, design and creativity are all focused on bringing about things that are new and different from what already exists. Therefore even though the three may carry different meanings, they are all concerned with new ideas because it is when organizations are able to differentiate themselves from others through creative, innovative and design oriented means that they gain competitive advantage over their competitors. Another important similarity that organizational leaders ought to know in the application of these three terms is that none of the three is independent on its own (Capron, 1999). Rather, they each depend on the other t o ensure the objectives for which they are independently set are achieved. By implication, even though each of these can help organizations achieve different objectives, the achievement will not be made if the three are not used together. Despite the similarities, there are various differences that exist between these three terms. For example, whereas creativity is abstract and produces abstract results, innovation is highly tangible as it results in implemented products. In effective, a person

Sales Strategies Essay Example for Free

Sales Strategies Essay EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The supermarkets in the UK is expanding with retail food products being sensitive to cross-price elasticity in that supermarkets are encouraged to be inventive, which will accomplish an advantage, matched to its discounter competitors (Emerald Group Publishing Limited , 2014). This report will explain the types of sales strategies that Aldi may develop in order to compete with other supermarkets within the same market. Aldi have to be considered as a competitor as society is searching for value and that customer behaviour is a major influence in sales strategies and that Aldi will be successful in future years with their overall strategy. BACKGROUND Aldi opened its first store in the United Kingdom (UK) in the 90’s, currently supporting more than 500 stores in the UK, originally established in Germany.   The challenges that face Aldi are primary in attracting customers. As well as attracting customers, Aldi will have to consider its competitors within the market. There are a number of considerations that would influence customer’s behaviour which impacts on the retail market. Society has a wide range of needs and wants which can be varied and impacts customer’s decisions on a daily basis. The decision that is made is key to the decision making behaviour which results in individuals adapting from situation to situation which would have an impact on all supermarkets (Dibb, 2012). The leading retailer’s share of grocers’ for 2011 and 2012 explains that Aldi versus Morrison’s posted surging returns with Morrison’s showing as losers. Diagram one: Share Market Mintel Report An article (sky news, 2012) reports the company Aldi, has seen profits exceeded over 200% in 2011 to  £57.8m, suggesting customer confidence is low and that customer spending brought on by higher inflation and weaker growth has influenced Aldi success with 40 new stores planned to be developed and open by the end of 2013 generating up to 4,500 jobs. Aldi has now introduced 500 new stores in the United Kingdom (UK) and plans to open new stores in higher more upmarket locations and offer a wide range of products attracting higher-earning customer (Aldi, 2013). This strategy is supported by (Harvey,2000, p. 17) who suggests that in a society, a range of low and high income customers can be brought together by retailers creating an internal niche market, with their own discounted products or with higher branded products, integrating separate ‘segments of customer demand’. As Aldi continue to improve on already continued growth, Morrison’s have to act to attempt to maintain and improve within the retail market competition. This is demonstrated by an article (mail online, 2013) Morrison’s attempt to struggle back, which Morrison’s bosses trust only a reduction of prices  on products will sustain Morrison’s future. chief executive Dalton Philips of Morrison’s confirmed â€Å"The economic backdrop remains difficult for the customer†, as stated (BBC, 2013) Morrison’s report Pre-tax profit fell to  £344m for the first half of the year, compared to the same period last year (2012) with profits reaching  £440m. Diagram Two: Share Market Sky News Comparing Diagram one and Diagram two of the market Share, Aldi demonstrate they have a major influence in the market. Aldi in 2011 had a market share of 2.2% increasing to 4.7% ending May 2014. On the back of Aldi success, Morrison’s market share commenced at 10.4% in 2011 with the figures staying static the following year, followed by a slight increase reaching 10.9% by May 2014. The slight increase in performance may be due to Morrison’s raising a price war with Aldi by reducing its prices on 135 products with expectation that more reductions will follow, estimating  £1bn over a three year period which will be permanent reductions rather than promotions, quoted by chief executive Dalton Philips in an article (The Guardian, 2014). It remains to be seen if this will revive the growth of Morrison’s in the future. OBJECTIVES Outline the background information of customer goods and Supermarkets. Outline the background of Marketing Segmentation. Apply the theory of Market Segmentation used by supermarkets. Detail the tool used for Sales strategy and by key brands to provide competitor advantage. METHODOLOGY In order for the company to identify sales strategies in the market, will carry out what is called â€Å"Market Research†. This process is to furnish the retail company to meet the customers’ needs. (Lescher, 1995) defines market research as â€Å"gathering and evaluation of data regarding customer’s  preference for products and services.† On attempting to interview Robert McDonald the Assistant Store Manager of the Aldi Paisley, but was unavailable for comment on a visit to the store on 29/06/2014. On the back of the store visit, made contact with Aldi Head Office in Bathgate and through social business network LinkedIn but unfortunately Aldi were unable to comment on their sales strategy. SUPERMARKETS IN THE MARKET Institute of Grocery Distribution (IGD UK) reported that the United Kingdom market is estimated at  £174.5 billion in April this year (2014), demonstrated 2.8% increase from 2013. IGD forecasts that in the UK, the grocery market value will reach the figures of  £203.0 billion by 2019 potentially an increase of 16.3% from 2014. Today’s market the UK grocery market is made up 6 sections, making the retail market competitive. Based on the pie chart, Hypermarkets and superstores have the market monopoly demonstrating  £73.7bn Sales with Convenience Stores next  £37.4bn and Small Supermarkets the next contender with  £35.5bn. As Aldi come under the â€Å"Discounters† with  £10.8bn, with a continued strong presence within the retail market, this figure can only increase and could be a potential big player in years to come, if the organisation continues to grow as previous years and challenge others. AIDA(R) Module Aldi can use a number of channels and methods to increase promotional activity by using the AIDA module. The module can be used for the following; Awareness: Creating brand awareness to its existing and new customers. Interest: Sufficient customer interest to encourage the buyer to start researching further. Desire: Simply the desire from liking it, to wanting it. Action: Attracting the customer to visit store, signing up for newsletter. Once the organisation has captured the buyer, it must consider the retention of the buyer using â€Å"Retention† methods. The methods can be Social Media, TV  adverts, Newsletters. If buyers are satisfied with your product, a vote of confidence can attract new buyers (customers) to the company brand, rather than its competitors (business case studies, 2014) MODEL OF MARKET SEGMENTATION The process for Market Segmentation is to identify the whole of the market and divide the market into each segment, which allows companies to maximise their own opportunity to generate success. (Dibb et al, 2012) defines Market segmentation â€Å"the process of grouping customers in markets with some heterogeneity into smaller, more similar or homogenous markets.† Without market segmentation, the market would assume that customers would share similar needs and that companies can provide one product to the market (Dibb et al, 2012). Therefore this assumption is not correct and as supported by (Dibb et al, 2012) having a Heterogeneous market describes that customers have different needs and wants. PROCESS OF MARKET SEGMENTATION Dividing the market into segments is called STP. STP consists of three key areas which are Segmentation, Targeting and positioning. Segmentation Segmentation can identify potential opportunities within a market. When designing a market strategy, the organisation can take advantage of the marketing mix approach. The marketing mix includes the four P’s which consists of product, promotion, price and place (Hooley, 2012). Aldi can use this method to take advantage of existing customers as well as attracting new customers. Aldi use the four P’s which can create a process were the right product is sold at the right price, at the right place demonstrating the best possible methods of promotion. Targeting Companies can use targeting as a business tool, making a decision on what key areas of the business within the organisation requires attention. This process is intended to be implemented in key areas such as sales as described (Dibb et al, 2012). Positioning Diagram Three: Company positioning by Customer perception Diagram three is a perceptual mapping of the UK supermarkets based on customer perception. The map illustrates that Aldi have built up a customer following, which shows a change in customer demand and behaviour. Aldi have progressed and competing with Asda and Morrison’s, illustrating that all companies have to be competitive to ensure the individual company has an advantage over its competitors. As customers are more economically aware and seeking value for money, this can be used to target a certain area in the market .i.e. low quality, high quality, low cost, high cost depending on the current times. Customers may wish to purchase lower quality brands over high quality brands as it may be better value with the end result getting more for your money. An example of customers getting more for their money, took a challenge to purchase one item from each store and taste it to see if the difference could be spotted with Aldi and Morrison’s products. Purchasing Aldi own brand of Jaffa Cakes which demonstrated similar packaging to the McVitie’s brand with 24 segments at a cost of  £0.95 a packet, roughly working out 4 Pence a biscuit. Morrison’s selling the main brand of McVitie’s Jaffa cakes also offering 24 segments at a cost of  £2.19 a packet working out 9 Pence a biscuit. Tasting the two brands without knowing which one was from Aldi and Morrison’s, concluded that it was hard to identify which product was from each store. Thus changing to purchase the Aldi brand rather than the main brand (McVitie’s) saving a whopping  £1.24. This experiment can be supported in means of description and cost by visiting www.mysupermarket.co.uk. Aldi:  £0.95 Morrison:  £2.19 Aldi have acknowledged that competitive pricing is a major influence to bring attention and awareness amongst customers with Aldi being able to support quality products at a cheaper cost than its competitors by purchasing products in bulk from its suppliers. Aldi also agree the best possible price from suppliers allowing them to pass the savings on to the customer. To support that Aldi can offer main brands at a cheaper alternative without affecting quality, the cost of a Warburton’s Bread from Morrison’s is  costing  £1.45 with Aldi offering the same product at a cheaper cost of  £0.99 pence (mysupermarket, 2014). Aldi:  £0.99 Morrison’s:  £1.45 POTENTIAL SALES STRATEGIES When looking at Aldi products and comparing them to other competitors within the retail market, it was evident that Aldi are demonstrating three broad sales strategies to maximise profit from new and existing customers by using targeting strategy, pricing strategy and customer retention strategy. Using the current economic times, targeting the customer’s that are looking to save pounds, Aldi are using a sales strategy by offering cheaper alternatives which result in retaining the customer overall leading to company profit (Business case studies, 2014) Aldi introduced a marketing campaign in 2011 using the slogan â€Å"Like Brands, Only Cheaper† using straight forward, no nonsense, simple adverts to advertise their own products. The advert using an old fisherman saying â€Å"Well, there you go then: a fine pair of â€Å"Pollock’s† demonstrating Aldi own product against the main product that it’s the same but cheaper. An advert that won most popular TV advert of 2011 featuring a wife talking about her husband’s penchant for a cup of char before declaring: â€Å"I don’t like tea. I like gin†. Aldi Marketing Campaign 2011. Aldi marketing stragety is to encourage customers to purchase their own brands over the more costly options that are on offer. This campaign suggests its working by the profits the Organisation has seen in recent years as discussed within this report. To this date, the same marketing campaign is still being used (The guardian, 2014) Strong Selling Strategy The retail market is competitive environment with companies expanding and growing availability in the United Kingdom (UK) providing customers more choice. As customers have disposable income to spend, supermarkets are always looking to act on customers emotions. One key observation is displaying the discount price along with the original retail price to influence the customer’s decision on making them realize what a fantastic bargain they are receiving. Aldi.co.uk Supermarkets are always looking to take advantage of an area in the market and Aldi are no different. As reported (Guardian, 2014) Aldi are introducing school uniforms taking advantage of other competitors by offering cheaper alternitvate to other supermarkets and offering parents the opportunity to get their childrens clothing for the coming term in September costing less than the cost of a McDonald’s Chicken McNuggets sharebox. The package by Aldi offers four school essentials at a cost of  £4 when other competitors, Sainsbury’s package is costing  £7.33, Tesco  £6.75 and Asda  £7.50. Managing director, Tony Baines was quoted â€Å"The run-up to the new term can be a stressful time for families. As a result, we were keen to offer parents the opportunity to stock up on superior school uniforms and accessories ahead of the new term with breaking the bank† (Guardian, 2014). As a result of Aldi decision to introduce clothing into the mix, this may see a new price war with other supermarkets trying to compete against Aldi, it still to be seen how this will impact on the other supermarkets and how they will react to the new offering by Aldi. Aldi.co.uk CONTINUOUS IMPROVEMENT Aldi consider the â€Å"Just in Time† (JIT) approach to store management by holding the required stock that the store only requires. As stock is costly with Aldi purchasing stock when required, when stocks are reduced, the companies’ capital improves, allowing Aldi to purchase more stock when required (Jobber, et al, 2006) Aldi.co.uk As Aldi core purpose is to â€Å"provide value and quality to customers† working efficiently and reducing costs allows reinvesting profits back into the organisation. Lean thinking and continuous improvement is fundamental to meet its business goals for growth allowing new properties, suppliers and more savings for customers and offering benefits to employees. An example of Aldi success, a planning application for 46,200 sq. m regional  distribution in Wales has been submitted, according to (IGD, 2014) As Aldi demonstrate continued growth in the UK as the organisation attracts more shoppers that wish to save money on their shop. Aldi have revealed further plans to increase their stores to a minimum of 1,000 stores by the end of 2021 (IGD, 2014). The established German company will support further investment in the UK with 60 new stores to open by 2015, while existing shops will benefit from major refurbishment. On the other side of the bridge, Tesco’s CEO, Philip Clarke became replaceable after 40 years at the supermarket by the head of Unilever’s personal care business Dave Lewis. The news came after Philip Clarke failed to produce the results, the company was looking for after a decline in sales and profit alongside a renewed profit warning (Guardian, 2014). Aldi have taken a percentage of the market, which has impacted on others within, with Tesco and Morrison’s having to invest Millions into the price war to try and stay competitive (Mail online, 2014). As Morrison’s and Tesco have recently issued profit warnings, it suggests that Aldi are winning the price war and making others take notice. CONCLUSION Aldi determined the market using the STP (Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning) process. Using this method identifies what type of market Aldi are targeting. Aldi demonstrated using the four P’s, product, promotion, price and place to take advantage of competition and gain more customers. The change in economy has seen a change in customer spending with behaviour changing by searching for alternative and main brands at a cheaper value. It’s worth noting that other supermarkets are feeling the pressure from Aldi and to sustain such a market position and complete with Aldi, it’s worth consideration the reduction of products to match Aldi which was highlighted by Morrison’s chief executive Dalton Philip. Aldi are fulfilling its potential by taking advantage of the market by working efficiently which allows to keep cost at a minimum and enable the company to expand within the UK. The companies campaigns â€Å"Like Brands, Only  Cheaper† have increased the presence of the company’s profile, with continued relationship building with its customers through a number a channels, creating loyal customers. Morrison’s have found it difficult to maintain their position within the market, feeling pressure from Aldi and resulted in a â€Å"profit warning† being issued. It’s therefore clear that Morrison’s have taken the eye of the customer and market, which has shown customer decline and profits dropping due to lack of promotions and low costing products. Unless Morrison’s change their way of thinking, a change in the competition may come in the near future for them. Whether they are able to survive remains to be seen while Aldi continue to be competitive. BIBLOGRAPHY aldi.co.uk. (2014). aldi.co.uk. Retrieved June 16, 2014, from https://www.aldi.co.uk/ Dibb et al (2012). Marketing Concepts Strategies. 6th ed. Hampshire: Cengage Learning EMEA. Emerald Group Publishing Limited , 2014. Emerald insight.[Online] Available at: http://www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?articleid=870441 [Accessed 3 June 2014]. Hooley, G (2012). Marketing strategy competitive positioning. 5th ed. London: Financial Times Prentice Hall Mintel Group Ltd, 2014. Mintel. [Online] Available at: http://academic.mintel.com/display/638369/ [Accessed 4 June 2014]. Sky News, 2012. 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